Presenting numbers to teachers, train drivers and travellers
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Paper presented at: Application of Information Design 2008 Mälardalen University, Eskilstuna and IIID 25-28 June 2008 Last changes January 2011. Leonard Verhoef Contact. |
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Once upon a time the interface to control quantities had four options: 'one', 'two', 'three' and 'many'. Today we have an infinite number of words for quantities. In addition, the very same numbers are used for very different professions such as: teaching, train driving and travelling. From a psychological point of view there are many similarities in the way professionals perform these different tasks. To top. |
Having so many similarities in human functions and tasks, shouldn't the interfaces for these professionals be more similar, not only on a the lower physiological levels (readability), but on higher cognitive levels too? |
![]() One graphical presentation. Three professional interpretations: |
| Task analysis | A common professional action is comparing current student performance/train speed/walking time against a target performance/speed/time. In all cases the actions of the professionals are:
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| Obtain information |
Obtain information, readable numbers Perceptual psychology has specified how to present numbers in a readable way. This includes how to use leading zero's, capitals, underline, fonts and digitally presented characters (segment and matrix fonts). With these specifications it is easy to find the best design to present a student’s score, train speed and the time of departure. |
For all professionals leading zero's, underlining, non-serif characters and digitally characters, if possible, should not be used. |
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Obtain information, calculate difference All professionals need to know the difference between current number and target number. Analysis of interfaces shows that it often is not understood that it is the computer who should perform this computing. |
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Train driver Difference between current train speed (white hand, 130 km/h) and maximum train speed (white border, 150 km/h) is indicated in such a way that the high speed train driver does not need to calculate the difference (see figure immediate below).
Interface for train speed and safety, ETCS, 1995 |
Traveller Keuning and Roding (2008), for instance, suggest the passengers should calculate time to departure. So does Netherlands Railways on this indicator immediate below. ![]() Indicator for trains and busses, Amsterdam Arena, 2008 Time to departure for metro's, no calculation for passengers. |
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Obtain information, presentation using graphics The conclusion of perceptual psychology is clear: human eyes and human brains are not built for processing numbers. For instance, it is easy to survive in nature without being able to notice the difference between the character '1' and the character '7'. | Cognitive psychology learns that the visual presentation of a concept should be compatible with the concepts that the user has in mind. Seven is more that one and consequently it is better to present 7 larger. However, the visual difference (form and size) between 1 and 7 is small. One easily can increase compatibility by presenting numbers and their relations using graphics . A graphical presentation of speeds is the best way and most commonly used, e.g. a round clock. |
Teacher![]() Graphical presentation of a complex multi dimensional overview of student performance. |
Traveller![]() Hurry up, train will depart in 30 seconds. |
Train driver![]() Experimental graphical design for high speed and safety information |
| Evaluation | The difference between the current value and the target value has to be evaluated. All professionals do this in the same way. | After the evaluation action might be needed. A more detailed analysis of control of attention can be found in Verhoef (2006). |
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Evaluation, no attention The variable is within limits. No attention required, no unexpected information, user can consult information whenever he wants. |
Teacher
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Train driver![]() No problem, current speed below braking curve. |
Traveller![]() No hurry, you will catch your train. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Evaluation, attention shortly! The variable has reached a level at which attention is required within a short period of time. |
Teacher
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Traindriver![]() |
Traveller![]() Sufficient time, go to train, but too little time left for buying coffee. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Evaluation, attention now! The variable has reached a level which is not ok, unacceptable, action now! |
Teacher
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Train driver
Train speed is too high, train might pass next signal at danger, brake now! |
Traveller![]() Train will depart shortly, run now! | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Evaluation: game over The variable exceeded it's acceptable level. Despite warnings no action has been taken by the professional. The system takes action or a disaster occurs. |
Teacher
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Train driver![]() The train will pass the signal at danger. However, probably the train's safety system performs a system safety stop. The system assumes that the driver is incapable of performing his task. The ticket collector checks the driver. |
Traveller![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Next step | The examples given were from real live projects and had to take account of traditional practice and available technology. We only could show that the interfaces for these professionals are similar in the way colour was used to control attention. When designed from psychological top, to professional bottom there would be much more similarities. | Finding these similarities would reduce interface design effort substantially. However, this will not lead to unemployment of designers. So far the tasks discussed were one dimensional. There is one dimension of learning objects, only a safe train speed is taken into account and the traveller focuses only on catching this train. Tasks are becoming more and more complex and so will the interfaces supporting professionals performing their task. |
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Teachers Teaching arithmetic is not sufficient anymore. The pupil has to be taught to do it in a creative way and in harmony with other pupils. |
Train driver Driving in time is not the only aim of a train driver. He should do so in a safe, economic, comfortable and environmental friendly way. |
Travellers The number of routes and options for a specific public transport trip increases too as well as the options for payment, price and services. In most cases the content and the interfaces are not structured in a one dimensional but chaotic way (Verhoef, 2007). The well known computer desktop is physically two dimensional, but what these dimensions stand for is unknown yet, even after several decades of usability science. |
| References |
Keuning en Roding, (2008). DRIS: lezen en wegwezen, Verkeerskunde, no 4, 27 mei. Rookmaaker, D.P., Verhoef, L.W.M., Vorderegger, J.R. & Maessen, E.J.M., (1994). The presentation of speed control information of ETCS train drivers, Paris, in: SNCF Dir. de la Recherche, pag. 959-964, in: World Congress on Railway Research. Verhoef, L.W.M. (2006). GUI, webontwerp, psychologie en human efficiency. Utrecht: Human Efficiency. book in Dutch: www.humanefficiency.nl/gui.shtml course in English: www.humanefficiency.nl/course.shtml Verhoef, L.W.M. (2009). Why designers can’t understand their users; developing a systematic approach using cognitive psychology. Utrecht, Human Efficiency. www.humanefficiency.nl/designers_understanding.shtml To top. |
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Contact![]() | Leonard Verhoef. +31 (30) - 231 44 97 Parkstraat 19 3581 PB Utrecht Nederland humanefficiency.nl verhoef@humanefficiency.nl Chamber of commerce, trade register, subscription number: 39057871. |